PRESENTATION ON QUESTION NUMBER 3.

WITH INTEGRATION IN MUCH DISCUSSION A CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING BOARDS IN CLASSROOM FROM 18^TH CENTURY TO THIS CENTURY.

Board is a thin, flat piece of wood or other stiff material used for various purposes, in particular activities such as teaching.

         

                                        HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN 18^TH CENTURY

•      In the early 18^th century charity schools were founded in many towns. They were sometimes called Blue Coat schools because of the color of the children uniforms. 

•      Boys from well off families went to grammar schools, girls from the well off families also went to school but it was felt important for them to learn, accomplishment like embroidery and music rather academic subjects.

•      However non-conformity or dissenters (Protestants who did not belong to the church of England) were not allowed attending most public schools. Instead they went to their own dissenting academies.   

                                HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN 19^TH CE NTURY

•      In 19^th century education greatly improved for both boys and girls, in the early 19^th century there were dame schools for every young child. They were run by women who taught a little reading, writings and arithmetic. However many dame schools were really child minding service.

•      Nevertheless in 19^th century Fredrick Frobel (1782-1852) and Maria Montessori (1870- 1952) invented more progressive methods of educating infants.

•      Girls from upper class families were taught by a governess. Boys were often sent to public schools like Eaton. In Victorians Public schools boys were taught the classics like Latin but little else. Science and technical subjects were neglected. Public schools also placed great emphasis on character building through sports and games.

                               HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN 20^TH CENTURY

     Education vastly improved during the 20^th century. In 1990 children sometimes left schools when they were only 12 years old. However in 1918 the minimum school leaving age was raised to 14 years old. Between the wars working class children went to elementary schools. Middle class children went to grammar schools and upper class children went to public schools. In 1947 the school leaving age was raised to 15 years old and in 1972 was raised to 16 years old.

                      THE EVOLUTION OF CLASSROOM TECHNOLOGY

•      Classrooms have come to a long way. There been an exponential growth in educational technology advancement over the past few years. From overhead projectors to IPods, it is important to understand not only what is coming next but also where it all started.

•      There are certainly come a long way but some things seem hauntingly similar to many years ago, for example Thomas Edison said in 1925 that “Books will soon be absolute in schools. Scholars will soon be instructed through the eyes”.

•      The teaching technology has been changed century to century due to the invention of various modern equipments which simply is teaching and learning process. Each change of these equipments teaching like boards, teacher were immediately adopted accordingly.

•       The followings are the historical background of the boards uses in teaching and learning process since 18^th century to current century.   

                                                              HORN BOOK:

•      Teaching and learning boards in classroom was started by using the Horn- book in the early of 16^th century to18^th century. This was a wooden paddles with written or printed lessons, wooden paddles were used as a paper where by a teacher usually was written on the wooden paddles the alphabets and religious verse.

•      This helps children to copy and learn how to write and read, different      materials prepared by the teacher on that board. So through this board learners became more active by participating on reading loudly and repeatedly.

•      This indicates that the teaching and learning for that period was very hard task because a teacher had to go around in the class with the horn book for making every learner well understood the lesson or subject matter.

  

                                                           FERULE (1850-1870)

•      This was a pointer used by a teacher in teaching children in the classroom. It was used together with Horn-book and also was used as a Corporal punishment device to learners so it has a dual purpose in learning process.

•      Ferule it has some advantages as it used to discipline learners on time (it saving time) and also it specify to what exactly to be shown or read by students.

•      Disadvantages of using ferule as a teaching and learning board is that it is not applicable to the class of many learners also it cause fear to learners for thinking that is a corporal punishment tools (device), so they cannot pay more attention on learning rather than concentrating to the punishment.

                                                      SCHOOL  SLATE (1890)

·         This was a tool for learning and teaching in the classroom as the board which used in 19^th century. Each learners was given a slate in the classroom and was instructed to write a lesson that prepared by the teacher on it. 

•      This was used  instead of exercise book where by every learner had to write on it on what was instructed by the teacher.

•      Through this activities the learners comes to increase the writing and reading skills as well as  understanding capacity of the learners.  

•      Also it was supporting the teacher on making the evaluation of his learners through assessing each individual board. 

•      After discovery of papers and pencil during industrial revolution it replace the school slate.                                         

                                                        CHALK BOARD (1890).

•      It was technology of teaching and learning in the classroom which was invented in 19^th century where by a teacher was written the lesson on the chalkboard intended to teach to his or her learners in the classroom, also it was used in class by class contents that a teacher need their learners to know.

•      This learning and teaching type of board have some ad  advantages like, it can be used to teach a large number of learners in the same time in the one class, it is not cost fully and it can be applied in any environment.

•      Some of disadvantages of chalkboard as the teaching and learning board includes that it cannot be applied to the low vision learners who cannot see what is written on the board.  Also this teaching and learning board is less participatory of learners to demonstrate on the chalkboard.

                                                 EDUCATIONAL  TELEVISION

•      This is another teaching and learning board in classroom which was used to present a lesson in class to the learners through channels of television where by educational programming that aimed across the country. Advantage of this teaching and learning board it can manage or accommodate large group of learners in the same time in one class. The disadvantage of this learning and teaching board it not interactive since learners and teacher are not interacting during the learning process hence to make the learners to be passive in learning.

•      This becomes a teaching and learning  board because it displays information includes pictures for learning purpose, therefore the television screen become the teaching and learning board to the learners.

                                                          SMART BOARDS (2003)

•      Projector Smart Boards Technologies are a brand of Interactive White Board (IWB). Simply speaking, it can be described as a white board displaying the image from the computer monitor with the surface operating as a giant touch screen. They vary in size and can be mobile or wall mounted.

•      It is the most recent teaching and learning board where it is used to display the words, pictures purposely for learning activities. This teaching and learning board is attractive to the learners because it is considering all learning different of learners where by it can be applicable for learners who  learning through listening, also it is applicable for learners who learning through visually and also is acceptable for learners who learns through visually and listening more over it can be applicable for kinesthetic learners.

•      So this type of boards is best because it is consider the all kinds of learners and makes the learners to be active by participating in learning through touching the board, through drawing pictures and display on the board and also can participate through writing different words for learning purpose.

                                                         WHITE BOARD

•      This is the type of teaching and learning board which is  white in color unlike blackboard which uses the chalk, the white board uses mark pen to write various information t which  a teacher intend to present to the learners.

•      A white board is some time called a flip chart which is mobile from one class to another class or from one place to another place, simply it is potable and movable one.

•      A white board provide an opportunity to a teacher to teach even outside of the classroom where there is enough shadow and this comes when a class will be accumulated with hot or sweating or if the class is much squeezed.

•      This kind of a board has imaged in the 21 century in order to simplify teaching and learning process and maintaining health  of the teacher and learners because it does not produce dust that derived from chalks rather than the use of blackboard which is not mobility and produce dust which is too risk to the teacher and learners health.

GROUP MEMBERS

NO:	NAME:	REG:NUMBER:	PHONENUMBER
1	NGOJWIKE  SALUMU	TEKU/BEL/KE/111070	0787359019
2	REUBEN AMAN	TEKU/BE/KE/111085
3	LUCAS  MAJALIWA. L	TEKU/BEL/KE/111000
4	STEVEN  RAPHAEL	TEKU/BEDPSY/101268
5	NCHIMBI  AGNETHA	TEKU/BEDPSY/111227
6	MAPUNDA  DOMINICUS	TEKU/BEL/KE/111016
7	KULANGA  MWANAISHA	TEKU/BEL/KE/11997
8	AMOS  PIUS	TEKU/BAED/DE/11928
9	SALUM  ABDI. J	TEKU/BAED/DE/11925
10	MBOGELA  SHUKURU	TEKU/BEL/KE/111024